نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1393)

Psychodrama is one of the psychotherapy methods in which drama techniques are used to treatment of many psychological disorders. This method was introduced by J. L. Moreno at 1921. Psychodrama is now used to treatment of disorders with emotional bases such as depression and interpersonal problems. Though in this research, researchers have used psychodrama to treat the Bird phobia as an anxiety disorder. The main aim of the present research was testing the effectiveness of psychodrama for treatment of Bird phobia. The research started with this important problem that whether psychodrama can be effective for treatment of Bird phobia. This experimental research has tried to answer the mentioned problem.

Bird phobia was initially diagnosed in the patient using criteria of DSM IV-TR, then rate of the patient's fear was measured by a researcher-made test and a behavioral test –patient's encounter with a bird. This rate of the patient's fear and its changes was checked two times again and analyzed quantitative and qualitative. Duration of the treatment program lasted eight sessions (2 hours per session) and generally a month.

Results of the tests and changes in the patient's behaviors (touching the bird without symptoms of anxiety) showed that psychodrama was effective to treatment of the patient.

This result is similar to former researches that studied the effectiveness of psychodrama on treatment of other psychological disorders. The result of this research shows that psychodrama can be used to treatment animal’s phobia too. Although more researches with more subjects must be done. This work helps psychotrapists to use psychodrama techniques with more certainty.

catastrophizing, a maladaptive pain coping strategy has a negative impact on patients’ psychosocial well-being and can predict suicidal ideations even after controlling for depression. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between pain severity with suicidal ideation and to examine the moderating role of catastrophizing on the relation between pain severity and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients.

Using a convenience sampling method, 264 chronic pain patients were recruited from several public and private pain clinics in Tehran. These patients completed a number of questionnaires measured suicidal ideation, catastrophizing and pain severity. The collected data were analysed, using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis.

There were significant and positive correlations between suicidal ideation with pain severity (r=0.30, p<0.01) and with catastrophizing (r= 0.48, p< 0.01). The result of multiple regression analysis indicates catastrophizing has a moderating role in the relationship between pain severity and suicidal ideation.

Our results suggest that pain severity is associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation and catastrophizing moderates the association between pain severity and suicidal ideation. This finding highlights the need for pain self-management programmes that controlling both pain severity and catastrophizing.

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of enneagram personality types teaching on educational adjustment. To achieve our aim, first, 120 available students were assigned to experimental (60 students) and control groups (60students). Then, the Baker & Syriak of educational adjustment questionnaire was administered to subjects. Experimental group received enneagram of personality training for six weeks of 1/30 hours. The research method of this study was quasi-experimental, pretest – posttest randomized group design. Finally educational adjustment questionnaire was administrated the 2 groups again. Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including mean, standard deviation, Cronbach, t test, and Analysis of co-variance. Analysis of the data submitted to t test, and Analysis of co-variance indicated significant differences between the control vs., experimental group as for as the level of educational adjustment. The result of this study shows that enneagram training has positive effects on educational adjustment.

This Study used a semi experimental method as the pretest – posttest and to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-existential therapy on depression of parent with children having cancer.

For this purpose 30 parents with children having cancer (24 to 54 years old) were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. Both groups were evaluated with Beck depression Inventory–II (1996), before the intervention. The experimental group received group cognitive-existential therapy in 12 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes (2 sessions per week), but no psychological intervention was applied in control group. At the end of intervention, both groups were reassessed. Data using SPSS software for statistical analysis of covariance test were analyzed. Results indicate significant differences in rates of depression between the two groups in favor of experimental group.

cognitive-existential therapy can be effective in reducing depression in parent of children with cancer.

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a type of degenerative disorder for central nervous system at old age. The present study is intended to review the effectiveness of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on quality of life among the old people who suffer from Parkinson disease. In this survey, the methodology was considered as semi- experimental with pre- test and post- test plan along with a control group of statistical population from Parkinson disease patients where the research samples included 100 participants who were chosen by available sampling technique and divided into test and control groups randomly. Research tools include 1) demographic questionnaire, 2) Scale of Quality of Life (Q.O.L), 3) Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ), 4) pharmaceutical following questionnaire. Results represent evaluation of proposed relationship model using structure equations modeling and analyses indicated that data were perfectly fit with the model by fitness indicators (IFI= 0.91, CFI= 0.91). Analyses showed that illness perception (r= 0.95) and pharmaceutical following (r= 0.86) have a direct relationship with quality of quality of life among the old people who suffer from Parkinson disease but there is no direct relation between that illness perception and pharmaceutical following. Therefore, it could be concluded that health has various aspects influencing quality of life and psychological factors such as that illness perception and pharmaceutical following as well as quality of life have relationship with each other as psychological factors affect quality of life which cause health problems and illness to old people with Parkinson disease.

This research was administered with the aim of investigating the relationship between big five personality factors and belief in an unjust and just world, and beliefs of justice compensation among male students. Research statistical population was the male students of high school, among them 196 persons were selected using simple random sampling. Research instrument were big five personality factors (Goldberg, 1992), belief in an unjust world questionnaire (Dalbert et al, 2001), belief in a just world questionnaire (Sutton & Doughlas, 2005), and beliefs of justice compensation questionnaire (Golparvar & Vaseghi, 2011). Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that neuroticism and conscientiousness have significant predictive power for prediction of belief in a just world for self, neuroticism have significant predictive power for prediction of belief in an unjust world and active justice compensation beliefs, and agreeableness have significant predictive power for prediction of passive justice compensation beliefs.

The present study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of Mindfulness based Cognitive therapy versus Cognitive Behavioral therapy on predictors of relapse in recurrent Depression.

The study design pre-test - post-test in which 40 patients with recurrent depression who were selected and randomly assigned to either group MBCT and CBT. They were assessed with Beck Depression Inventory – II, Ruminative Responses Scale, Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, Self-Compassion scale at pre - post assessment.

The results of MANCOVA and ANCOVA Test supported the effectiveness of Cognitive behavioral therapy on residual depression, dysfunctional attitudes. On the other hand. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy has been proved to be more effective in rumination, cognitive reactivity and self compassion.

In sum, it is proposed that combination of CBT and MBCT could be more effective on predictors of relapse in recurrent Depression.

Personality disorders especially personality disorders cluster b is considered as one of the main problems in medical and society problems. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and child rearing styles to recognize their role in personality disorders cluster b.
The method of this research is descriptive and correlation. The population included 476 students of Azarbaijan University of shahid Madani who were selected by random categorical method. The outcome of the research shows that 351 people had personality disorders cluster b traits. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III), Young early maladaptive schemas-short form (YSQ-SF) and Baumrind child rearing styles perception questionnaires were used. Data Analysis was performed by Pearson correlation and Logistic regression.
There were significant relationship between early maladaptive schemas and child rearing styles. Furthermore entitlement/grandiosity, dependence/incompetence, self-sacrifice and enmeshment/undeveloped self significantly predicted personality disorders cluster b.
Our study showed that people with personality disorders cluster b traits suffer from high levels of early maladaptive schemas and their child rearing styles are maladaptive

The purpose of this study was developing, testing and modifying a model to understand the relationships between some psychological risk and protective factors to addiction potential. This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the associations between parenting styles and potential addiction mediated by novelty seeking, behavior problems and coping strategies in a sample of 572 third grade high school students (male: 328, female: 244) in Mashhad, Iran. The participants were selected through multistage random sampling. Data were collected by questionnaires containing, Parenting Style Questionnaire, Temperament and Character Inventory, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation, Achenbach Youth Self-Report Scale and Iranian Addiction Potential Scale. Amos-16 model program software was applied for structural equation modeling. In general, the modified model had a good fit with the data (CFI = .90, RMSEA = .07) after deleting the coefficients without significance, and considering covariance between some of error variables. The present study found many of the predicted relations between parenting styles and potential addiction mediated by novelty seeking, behavior problems and coping strategies, although the most of purposed paths between permissive parenting style and other variables were not significant. Based on standard coefficients, emotion-oriented, problem-oriented, avoidance-oriented coping strategies and problem behaviors have more effect on addiction potential, respectively. The clinical and applied implications of results and model presented in this study are discussed in details.

The purpose of this paper is to determine differences related to marriage performance and marital conflicts among couples with one addicted member which are created due to behavioral couple therapy. To this end, 30 pairs (60) of the patients of the Center for Therapeutic Community (TC) in Mashhad were selected using random sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Experimental group received 12 weekly sessions of 60-minute behavioral couple therapy while the control group did not receive any specific intervention. In this study to collect data on pre-test and post-test questionnaires, marriage function (MFAI) and marital conflict (MCQ) were used. Whitney U-test results (in case of non-normal distribution scale) indicate significant differences between control and experimental groups on the variables of marriage and marital conflicts. Comparison of averages showed that training in behavioral marital therapy significantly improves performance and effectively reduces marital conflict, and married couples in the experimental group showed a significant increase (P <0/05) in marriage performance and significant reduction (P <0 / 05) in marital conflicts. In general, the results of this study suggest that couples who have received behavioral couple therapy compared with couples who did not receive this treatment, had better marriage performance and less marital conflict.

The purpose of present study is investigation of the validity and reliability of the multidimensional sexual satisfaction scale for women (SSSW) in Iranian women. In a descriptive design study 628 married women students were selected using available sampling. Sexual satisfaction scale for women (SSSW) as the main questionnaire and the female sexual function index (FSFI), Locke Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (LWMAT), female sexual distress scale (FSDS), Indrx of Sexual Satisfaction Scale (ISS) and Depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) were used to examine the convergent and divergent validity. Confirmatory Factor analysis confirmed the five factor model of questionnaire (RMSEA = 0.80) and did not remove any of the questions. Correlation Between five dimensions of sexual satisfaction scale for women (SSSW) with the conceptually same dimensions of other questionnaire was moderate to strong and significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score was 0.96 and for dimensions it was 0.82 to 0.91 which were acceptable. Test-retest coefficient for the sexual satisfaction score and its dimensions ranged from 0.73 to 0.97. In general, sexual satisfaction scale for women (SSSW) with good features such as multidimensional structure and emphasis on sexual distress as same as sexual satisfaction has an appropriate psychometric properties in Iranian women population.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the preliminary psychometric properties of Spirituality Assessment Inventory (SAI) at the Universities of Tehran, Shahid Beheshti and Allameh Tabatabai. Research has been conducted in two stages: In the first stage, the test was translated into English by an English language specialist and a psychologist. After comparing translations, revisions were made and ultimately the final questionnaire was prepared. Then, to get an early alpha, the test conducted on the initial sample (including 52 children) and alpha coefficients were calculated for the first (test) and second run (retest) within 15 days. Also, the test - retest correlation coefficient was calculated at two times. In the second stage, the test was performed on the original sample (N=312). In this study, Spiritual Assessment Inventory, Shams Bias Religious Questionnaire, Adult Personality Well- Being Index and Beck Depression Inventory, were used. Alpha coefficients obtained in the first run (0/96-0/64) and in the second run (0/96-0/70). Also, the test - retest correlation coefficient at two times was obtained 0/ 91- 0/72. Content validity results were reported as acceptable. Regarding the construct validity, significant positive correlations between the subscales and concurrent validity of the questionnaire were obtained. Also good results for the concurrent validity were obtained. Moreover, there was no significant difference between men and women in terms of spirituality in all subscales (except for Grandiosity subscale).

The overall, results indicate a good reliability and validity of Spirituality Assessment Questionnare.

Investigation of Factor structure, validity, and reliability of general health questionnaire (GHQ) in Iranian adolescents was the purpose of present study. Study design was descriptive and 1497 high school students (789 girls and 708 boys) from Qom, Damghan, and Bojnoord cities were selected using cluster sampling. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) as the main questionnaire, and General Anxiety Index (GAD-7) and Personal Wellbeing Index- School Children (PWI-SC) were used to assess convergent validity. Results of explanatory and parallel factor analysis revealed three factors predicting 36.36 present of variance in scores of general health questionnaire. Indexes of confirmatory factor analysis showed good fitness of three-factor model and in general 8 questions were removed. Correlation between three dimensions of 20 item general health questionnaire with main questionnaire was strong and significant, with GAD-7 was moderate and with PWI-SC was strong (moderate for depression dimension). Cronbach's alpha value for dimensions and total score of questionnaire were acceptable and test-retest coefficients were strong. 20 items general health questionnaire with vitality and energy, anxiety and somatic symptoms, and depression was obtained.

The Beck Depression Inventory is probably the most widely used self-report questionnaire for measurement of depression in university students. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of BDI-II and to detect its relation with sexuality and level of education and comparison of severity and type of symptoms in a large Iranian student sample .A sample of 2260 undergraduate and graduate students (66.8% female, 33.2% male) at the University of Shiraz completed BDI-II. We examined the reliability (internal consistency, test-retest) and validity (concurrent, factor analysis) of BDI-II. Then, we compared the rate of depression using independent t-test in male and female students and also in graduate and undergraduate students. In next step, type of depression symptoms in students was analyzed in relation to sexuality and education. The results showed that internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha=0.87) and it had an acceptable consistency during the time (r=0.73). The concurrent validity of the BDI-II was supported by positive correlations with different measures (GHQ-28, DASS-21). Factor analysis produced a two-factor solution including cognitive-affective and somatic dimensions for the total sample. The data were also analyzed for sex differences in the factor structure. The difference between boys and girls was not significant but undergraduate students had significantly higher scores than graduate students in BDI-II. Also, students represented various patterns of symptoms. In general, the findings supported the validity and reliability of the BDI-II in an Iranian student sample. The expression of depressive symptoms in Iranian male and female students was different. The severity of depression in students was in relation with the level of education.

Statistical significant methods are usually used to evaluate the effectiveness of the psychological treatments however, these methods have a number of inherent limitations. In fact, significant differences between the pre-treatment and post-treatment scores of patients per se do not necessarily indicate that the patients have reached the level of successful performance in their real life. Thus, those methods are required which supplement statistical significance tests and reflect more precise results of psychological treatments effectiveness in addition to pass inevitable limitations of statistical methods. One of these methods is clinical significance of the treatment changes. Based on this method, a change in therapy is clinically significant if a patient moves from “dysfunctional group due to disease” to the “functional group” during the course of the treatment. This paper will discuss the Jacobsen and Traux method due to its simplicity and fame. Also, it will show how to calculate the clinical significance change and finally indicates decision making criteria and limitations of the method for clinical psychologists.